Response On The Novel Death And Fear And Regret

Response # 1ïÆ'   authors note 1. Why do you think the author says that â€Å"murder, adultery and various other immoral or criminal activates† are more common in literature aimed at teens? a. People like to learn from these stories about the bad and what types of out comes it can have on people Response # 2 ïÆ'   pages 6-11 1. The narrator of this story Denise Shipley says â€Å"violence comes in many different forms- guns, fists, and words of hate and contempt†. Explain what you think she might mean by this? a. I think Denise Shipley is saying there are more ways to hurt someone than using a weapon. It can also be physical contact like punching, kicking, pushing or rape. It can also be threats of violence making you feel unsafe and vulnerable from†¦show more content†¦It seemed like he had a good in life except the family issue. But he might feel alone or the blame of some things in the family setting that he has one parent now he might hiding his feeling from the overprotective mom and he could not except help from the psychologist he hides it in games and social media. Response # 4 ïÆ'   pages 17-24 1. Give a detailed description (physically and emotionally) of Brendan and his life experiences based on what others say about him. a. In Springfield he was like the cool kid and popular he was smart funny good athlete. He can make anyone feel bad about themselves. He was thee bully and he was liked for it. He was talkative and had things done on time. He was good at expressing himself. He was temperamental when things don’t go his way fairly. He was liked. He ether liked something and give it all he got or didn’t like it and just be careless. He was not a relaxed kid he was a little on edge, a little wary. He was always thinking even when having a good time. He would have no gray area in emotions he is either good or bad. Bad as he would go ballistic and good to having a good time. (same with emotion) he is not cooperative about doing things he does not want to do. Now he is unhappy from the move Response # 5 ïÆ'   pages 11-24 1. What clues could you pull from these pages that might indicate there might be a troubled future for Brendan and Gary? a. They relate to each other in a bad way through there bad

Finance and Question Essay - 1396 Words

Question 1 (5 points) In a world with no frictions (i.e., taxes, etc.), having debt is always better because it increases the value of the firm/project. Your Answer Score Explanation True. False. Correct 5.00 Correct. You understand the irrelevance of financing. Total 5.00 / 5.00 Question Explanation Fundamental question about value creation. Question 2 (5 points) The return of equity is equal to the return on debt of a project/firm Your Answer Score Explanation Sometimes true. Always true. Never true. Correct 5.00 Correct. Equity is always riskier. Total 5.00 / 5.00 Question Explanation Financings effects on equity. Question 3 (10 points) Suppose the expected returns on equity of two†¦show more content†¦Alpha, Inc., has debt that is viewed by the market as risk-less with a market value of $500 million. Beta, Inc., has no debt. Both firms are expected to generate cash flows of $100 million per year for the foreseeable future and the market value of the equity of Beta, Inc is $1 billion. Estimate the return on equity of Alpha, Inc. Assume there are no taxes, and the risk-free rate is 5%. (No more than two decimals in the percentage interest rate, but do not enter the % sign.) Answer for Question 7 You entered: 20 Your Answer Score Explanation 20 Incorrect 0.00 Total 0.00 / 10.00 Question Explanation A mechanical problem if you understand the effects of financing and use all information. Question 8 (10 points) Banana, Inc. has had debt with market value of $0.5 million that has paid a 5% coupon and has had an expiration date that is far, far away. The expected annual earnings before interest and taxes for the firm are $1 million and the firm has not grown, nor does it have plans for any growth. The firm however has just raised more equity to retire all its debt. If the required rate of return to equity-holders (after the capital structure change) is now 10%, what is the market value of the firm? Assume there are no taxes. (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round to the nearest whole dollar.) Answer for Question 8 You entered: 10000000 Your Answer Score ExplanationShow MoreRelatedFinance Questions723 Words   |  3 Pages Provide detailed descriptions and show all calculations used to arrive at solutions for the following questions: 1. Community Hospital has annual net patient revenues of $150 million. At the present time, payments received by the hospital are not deposited for six days on average. The hospital is exploring a lockbox arrangement that promises to cut the six days to one day. If these funds released by the lockbox arrangement can be invested at 8 percent, what will the annual savings be? Assume theRead MoreQuestion Finance950 Words   |  4 PagesEXERCISE 5 (RISK AND RETURN) 1. 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Wal-Mart Negotiation Analysis Free Essays

Although it was several years ago now, in 1988 a 24-year old man was injured at his local Wal-Mart store after tripping over several rocking chairs. The man claims that as he turned the corner of an aisle he tripped over three 1. 5 foot-high children’s rocking chairs, which caused several injuries, some of which were lacerated forehead, several strains and sprains, a jaw injury and even blackout spells (Laska, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Wal-Mart Negotiation Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This example of a negotiation lawsuit would classify as a distributive negotiation because of several different reasons. First, the only item of value being discussed is settlement money, and in order for the negotiation to be considered an integrative negotiation, the opposing parties typically have additional items of value to discuss for trade. Also, there is no personal relationship between the opposing sides of the negotiation, which in this particular case are the Wal-Mart Corporation and the injured man. Finally, a distributive negotiation is considered to be a win-lose scenario and clearly, either the man or the Wal-Mart Corporation would win the negotiation. Originally, the injured man sued the company for $100,033. 57, and although the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled in his favor, the amount was lowered. The jury determined that although his injuries were worth compensation, $73,525. 18 was considered a more appropriate sum. In addition, the plaintiff’s wife was awarded $10,000 for loss of consortium. Even though some people may feel as though an injury due to tripping over a child’s toy is a case that does not hold much water, fortunately for the injured man his case was fairly cut and dry. The store could have prevented the injury if the rocking chairs were properly displayed. Therefore the store was responsible and held liable. This type of negotiation is intended for the benefit of one party and is typically settled out of court because companies try to avoid court appearance when possible. Integrative Article: NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement Although the National Basketball Association will be facing changes to their Collective Bargaining Agreement within the next year, the most recent negotiation, which is held between players and teams, was held in 2005. This negotiation is intended to discuss important terms in the players’ contracts, which include salary amounts, length of contracts, rookie salary terms, and salary caps. On the other end of the negotiation, the teams are interested in discussing factors such as trade rules, the escrow level, and the allowed tax on the teams (Morton, 2010). This article demonstrates an integrative negotiation because it is more of a win-win scenario for the opposing parties, which as previously mentioned, include the players and the teams. Since both parties have much to gain from the agreement, they are willing to put more on the table. Also part of an integrative negotiation, both parties have not only their best interest in mind, but also the interest of the opposing side, primarily because of the relationship established between the two. The players and teams are interested in the well being of each other because both are affected by each other. This demonstrates why distributive negotiations are different from integrative, because there is no relationship between the two parties. Although integrative negotiations are often successful, most negotiations are distributive because most opposing parties are not interested in the other. This type of negotiation technique is intended for a established pair of negotiators. Examples in the Workplace Considering that I work in a childcare center, negotiation strategies are not commonly used. However, a childcare director would have a few different scenarios in which negotiation techniques could be beneficial. Although in society today, distributive negotiations are much more common, integrative negotiations are used more often in childcare, in fact, they are used more often in most workplaces. One example of how integrative negotiations are used is through a request for a pay raise. Just like the article examining the NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement, I have used integrative negotiation techniques in the past when I asked for an hourly pay raise. Instead of demanding a raise, which would be more like a distributive negotiation, I discussed how both the center that I work for and myself would benefit from a raise. I explained what I had to offer the company in exchange for the raise, while the benefit to myself is obviously of monetary value. It is similar to the saying, you will catch more bees with honey than vinegar, I will have more success in getting what I am asking for by being professional and polite than by having high expectations and demanding to get what I ask for. Although both types of negotiation techniques can be successful in the appropriate setting, integrative negotiations are more practical for my line of work. How to cite Wal-Mart Negotiation Analysis, Essay examples

Managing the Legal Environment

Question: Discuss about theManaging the Legal Environment. Answer: Legal Risk, Rules and Management Research Portfolio Research/Referencing Workshop The main task in the research/referencing workshop was identifying a large company in Australia and finding more information about the company. I identified Qantas Airlines limited as the largest company of my research. From my research, I discovered that Qantas Airlines limited has been a key element for the development of Australian and international aviation. It is presently among the top most domestic airlines of Australia and also a chief in the Asia-Pacific area. The airline unites Australia to 81 destinations in 40 other countries world over functions the wide domestic services both in Australia and New Zealand. From the research, the ABN for Qantas Airways Limited was found to be 16 009 661 901. Its registered address was: Qantas Airways Limited, Building A, 203 Coward Street, Mascot NSW 2020 Australia. I was able to find this and more legal information about the company from the internet at the companys website (qantas.com). Most of the information about Qantas Airlines limited is readily available in the companys website (qantas.com). Such information includes the board of directors and the companys annual reports. However, more information can be found from journals about the company. Some of these journals include the SWOT analysis reports from the company as well as the company profile reports. The journals also provide the key facts, history, business description, revenue analysis and the top competitors of the company (Qantas Airways Limited SWOT Analysis, 2013; Qantas Airways Limited, 2015). When undertaking my research, there was a lot of information about the company from the internet. The main problem that I faced when conducting my research was distinguishing the sources that were providing genuine information from those that were not. Some of the sources that I discovered with inappropriate information included blogs, interviews, forum postings as well as opinion pieces. Reflections on the Wembley Stadium Case Study Wembley Stadium Case Study features a contract that was not done as per the agreement between the parties. In the contract, Multiplex had agreed to be responsible in the construction of Wembley Stadium at the maximum amount of 356m. However, Multiplex bleached this contract since the project was overdue by 18 months which costed an additional excess of 900m. According to the construction company, death, dangers and damages that were not expected happened and this caused more uncertainty and delays (Contract Journal, 2006). Contracts are valid so long as all the features of a contract are available. In this case, neither of the two parties had reasons of acting against the contracts. When both parties realized that a problem had occurred, legal action was taken. The legal action against and by Multiplex principally involved Cleveland Bridge and MacDonald. In addition to other features within the contract, there was also a penalty clause of 14000/day. The issues that arose as a result of the contract breach included a grant of 120m in lottery funding for this purpose. Since the Stadium was not completed on time, a range of competitions and events had to be relocated to other venues within that year of 2006, this included the FA cup final. Multiplex Company has been in the construction industry for long and is known for litigations. Studies indicate that Multiplexs prospectus only had half-sentence references to Wembley. About 20 percent of rout in the securities price of multiplex was a large problem. Apart from the problem with the contract, Multiplex had other issues during the project. Multiplex had a problem with the steel contractor (Cleveland Bridge), Honeywell and other several organizations. In order for Multiplex to solve the problem with the steel company that had caused a lot of delays, Honeywell took over. This seemed to reduce business problems that had been projected and the risk of the project decreased. In addition, disputes were settled by more agreements. This way, contract breaches and lengthy legal contract issues were avoided and all parties became committed to work together. According to Arbouw (2005), Multiplex was to blame for the losses that occurred during the project. Legal risks lead to court cases that impart tough consequences that are agreed within contracts. Research indicates that Multiplex could have avoided the troubles it encountered during this project only if it used safeguard procedures. By safeguard procedures, the construction company could have created good relationships with other construction companies as well as stadiums so that if a crisis arose as it did, financial loses would have been shared (Jefferies, 2002, p.356). Analysis and Conclusions on BHP Billton, Seven Eleven and Bullying Case Studies The issue in the 7-Eleven case study is that workers were unfairly paid. An investigation by Four Corners and the Fairmax Media revealed that workers were being paid half the $24.50 per hour that one was supposed to be awarded legally. The 7-Eleven franchise stores in Australia would sometimes pay less than that half and anyone who complained would be threatened that they would be deported. This is lack of obligation case. The company should have been sued since it was acting against the anti-discrimination laws that protect third parties who violate the obligation as per the Australian laws. In the case study on bullying, abuse and trolling, Charlotte Dawson, a TV personality committed suicide because she lacked protection against assault. Social and public media have now become a place where people lack protection. Government should come up with policies that provide regulations in these types of environments so that people are protected. When dealing with third parties, organizations should ensure that some measures are put in place so that the party that causes harm to the other has some consequences to face. Organizations that engage on social and public media address areas of legal risk by ensuring that conversations between both parties are recorded to act as some form of evidence. These steps are appropriate to ensure that there is legal obligation. The BHP Balliton case study provides a good example of civil law of tort of the negligence type. It was the obligation of the design and construction company to ensure that the dams are well constructed to avoid such damages that occurred. In addition, when Instituto Pristino warned of the failure risks at the dam, the concerned party was obliged to act and eliminate the risk. However, ignorance led to the tort of negligence that can be dealt with in the courts of law. When BHP and Vale became partners, they were supposed to be responsible for the venture. This case shows governance failure by both companies. Reflections on Legal Risk, Rules and Management The first topic was an introduction to organizations legal environments. Here, there was a lot to learn such as the relevance of law to organization managers; the interaction between business, economics, politics, law, culture as well as global factors; the description of regulation, law, compliance, corporate social responsibility and risk management. The language in law can be daunting in the beginning. However, once it is understood and interacted with, it becomes familiar and gives the individuals dealing with it the confidence that they require. Whether the government should regulate the market remains a constant issue for both private and public sectors (Vickery and Flood, 2012). History shows that regulation is necessary and therefore rules such as the Privacy Act 1988 were formed. In Australia, there are several important legal institutions- the parliament is one of the most important legal institutions because it is responsible for making law; Courts are important because they help to interpret the law; tribunals have the obligation of resolving legal problems. Regulatory bodies as well as Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) like mediation and arbitration are important in Australian legal environment (Vickery and Flood, 2012). There are two sources of law in Australia, that is, parliament creates legislations while others that are created by judges in courts are referred to as common law. The two main methods used in resolving disputes include: use of the formal court system; and ADR which includes arbitration, mediation and conciliation. The second topic was all about corporate governance and ethics. There are several corporate structures that are acknowledged in the Australian legal environment. The unincorporated structures consist of the sole trader, partnerships, trusts and the unincorporated associations. Incorporated structures are made up of the Corporations incorporated under the Associations Incorporation Acts, Government Business Enterprises (affected by the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act 1997) and the Corporations incorporated under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Other business structures include joint ventures, aganciesand franchise (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Corporate governance describes the manner in which firms are managed. Some of the important principles in corporate governance include ASX corporate governance materials, OECD Principles and the AS 800-2003 Corporate Governance. In Australia, the registration of companies is administered by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC). ASIC classifies companies according to the liability of its members (unlimited or limited); their status; and liability of its members (guarantee, shares or unlimited with share capital). Sources of company law include legislations, case law, accounting standards and the ASX Listing Rules (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Some of the bodies that are established under the ASIC Act include Takeovers Panel, corporations and Markets Advisory Committee, financial reporting council, Companies Auditors and Liquidators Disciplinary Board, Financial Reporting Panel and the Australian Accounting Standards Board. The third topic majorly dwelt on the management of legal environment. Here I learnt that it is important that managers make every effort to manage the risks within their organizations so that they can achieve the objectives therein. Organizations make engage in contracts almost in every agreement they make with other firms. A contract is defined as an agreement that has been made between legal persons where legal obligations are formed so that they are enforced by the law. The elements that are needed in a contract include the intention for creation of the legal relationship, acceptance and offer, content and terms (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Legal risks result when contracts are ended in a manner that is not right. In contract law, some conducts are not allowed, these are referred to as validity issues and they include: Unconscionable conduct, duress, misinterpretation, undue influence and mistakes. If a breach of contract occurs, the innocent party has the right of taking action against the party that failed to perform in their bargain part (Vickery and Flood, 2012). The innocent party requests for a remedy. Terminations and damages place the innocent party in positions they would have been in the absence of a bleach. Some of the other equitable remedies include rescission, specific performance and injunction and Valebat or Quantum Meruit. The fourth topic was on legal obligations, difference between civil and criminal laws and the consequences as a result of breaching the law. There is a broad range of groups to whom obligation is owed- politicians, friends and enemies, occupants, competitors, players, users, guests, audiences, advice seekers and road users. Civil law of tort consist of: law of assault and battery, law of defamation and the law of negligence. Criminal law applies if an individual injures, assaults or kills through reckless conduct. Criminal law ensures that there is a safe workplace for the public and all employees (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Competition law inhibits misleading and unconscionable conducts, inclusion of unfair terms and provision of poor quality goods. Lastly, anti-discrimination law protects people from being discriminated against because of gender, goods and services or employment. Annotated Bibliography Harlow, C. (2005). Understanding tort law. London: Sweet Maxwell. Fourth chapter: Facing Consequences, pages 61-76 text is relevant to the Wembley Stadium Case Study. This chapter presents the consequences that result when breach of duty occurs. Harlow argues that the claimant must show the damage that has been suffered. It is also important for damage to be foreseeable. The author points out that courts try to avoid making the defendant liable to the indeterminate individuals for indeterminate sums especially when economic losses are concerned. This chapter is important in the Wembley Stadium case study given that Multiplex Construction Company caused Wembley to experience large amounts of money during the project. McKendrick, E. Liu, Q. (2015). Contract Law: Australian Edition (pp. 1-560). Palgrave Macmillan. Chapter 20: Breach of Contract, page 418-429. This chapter in this textbook explains when a valid contract can be breached. Breaching a contract leads to an action for damages whether an innominate or warranty term occurs or when the term is broken. Because of the damage that results from the breach of a contract, it is important that contract breach is clearly understood. In the Wembley Stadium case study, this chapter will be essential to show whether the contract between the construction company and the stadium was binding and how the contract was bleached. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations law in Australia. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press. Tomasic, Bottomley and McQueen explain the forms that explain in business associations. In the business environment, it is important that organizations are aware of the associations that are legally binding. Afterwards, the authors describe corporate and corporation law and its framework. The information in this book will provide a guideline towards the discovery of the type of association that was formed between Wembley Stadium and Multiplex Company. If the association was legal, the parties involved would be guided on what corporate laws require in such associations. Contract Journal, (2006). Multiplex investigates Wembley rafter fault. (cover story). Contract Journal, 432(6567), 1. This article provides information about the investigations that were carried out after a 50ton rafter from Wembley collapsed. This occurred after the UKs Multiplex Company had completed a construction project of the stadium. During the collapse, 3,500 workers were ordered to evacuate. A speculation indicated that a welding failure was the cause of the collapse. The information in this article is important in the case study as it would help determine whether the disputes were the cause of poor work by Multiplex. Pearman, R. (2006). Ex-Wembley chief in Multiplex swipe. (cover story). Contract Journal, 433(6577), 1. This article provides details of the dispute that emerged between Wembley National Stadiums CEO and Multiplex Contractors over the differences that occurred in the construction of the England stadium. The firm made arguments that it legitimately deserved time extensions. The Stadiums CEO insisted that according to the contract there were no allowances from financiers. Multiplex on the other hand insisted that the contract was adjustable. This article is important in the case study because it helps clarify the issues that emerged from the association between the two parties. References Arbouw, J., (2005). Multiplex over-arches. Company Director, 21(9), p.31 Contract Journal. (2006). Multiplex investigates Wembley rafter fault. (cover story). Contract Journal, 432(6567), 1. Harlow, C. (2005). Understanding tort law. London: Sweet Maxwell. Jefferies, M., Gameson, R. and Rowlinson, S., (2002). Critical success factors of the BOOT procurement system: reflections from the Stadium Australia case study. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 9(4), pp.352-361. McKendrick, E. Liu, Q. (2015). Contract Law: Australian Edition (pp. 1-560). Palgrave Macmillan. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations law in Australia. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press. Pearman, R. (2006). Ex-Wembley chief in Multiplex swipe. (cover story). Contract Journal, 433(6577), 1. Qantas.com,(2016). Research, Plan, Book and Manage your Trip. Qantas.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016, from https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/home/za/en Qantas Airways Limited. (2015). Qantas Airways Limited MarketLine Company Profile, 1-26. Qantas Airways Limited SWOT Analysis. (2013). Qantas Airways SWOT Analysis, 1-8. Vickery, R. Flood, M. (2012). Australian business law. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia.

The particular features of organizing the management processes in Japan

The peculiarities of each aspect of the everyday life in Japan depend on the country’s customs and traditions. This principle is also important for understanding the peculiar features of providing business affairs in Japan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The particular features of organizing the management processes in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today more and more companies become involved in the process of globalization, extending and strengthening the international business relations. To provide the effective results of these tendencies, it is necessary to pay attention to the cultural peculiarities of that country with which it is important to establish successful business contacts. To be able to work effectively with the partners from Japan, it is significant to analyze the particular features of organizing the management processes in the country. Two common managerial approaches to the o rganization of the work in the company can be determined. The first approach is the accent on an individual and his work toward reaching definite business goals. The second approach is the orientation on the team work when the results of the collective work of individuals are appreciated (Hofstede, Hofstede, Minkov). The first approach is typical for companies in the USA where managers accentuate the work of an individual as a leader of a definite process. The second variant of the work organization is realized in the Japanese companies. The misunderstandings connected with the differences in approaches can result in the ineffective realization of the cooperative projects between the managers of the both companies (Hofstede, Hofstede, Minkov). The Japanese managers concentrate on creating the atmosphere of harmony in the team in order the members of the group could do all their best and provide the highest results. The main principles of the work are understanding, sincerity, and cooperation which are realized because of the proper attention and monitoring without the oppressive control (Hofstede, Hofstede, Minkov). It is not typical for the Japanese company to determine the individuals’ successes, but pay attention to the team’s results. The situation in the USA can be considered as quite opposite. US managers focus on the leader’s characteristics of the employees and their ability to work in order to achieve the corporate goals using the most effective methods (Cultural aspects, n.d.).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, it is also important to pay attention to the cultural peculiarities of Japan and to its traditions. The Japanese people always focus on the significance of customs and traditions. That is why they also concentrate on the people’s following such customs as entering the room where the tatami is used without footwear, taking business cards with both hands, and the avoidance of the unnecessary physical contacts (Cultural aspects, n.d.). The Japanese people also greet each other with bowing, but today they prefer to use shakehands while interacting with their international guests. It is typical for the Japanese people to express the utter respect toward their business partners, and they also hope for the international partners’ respectful attitude to their customs and traditions. Today US business coaches pay more attention to team building as an effective way to achieve the cooperative goals and optimize the problem-solving and decision-making processes. Nevertheless, if the American managers focus on the peer control in the team, the Japanese managers can consider these methods as a kind of pressure. That is why it is possible to accentuate the development of the cooperative atmosphere in the team in the US company with references to the Japanese patterns in the situatio n when the Japanese managers pay attention to the role of the individual, but without focusing on the significance of the leader’s positions within the group. References Cultural aspects of Japan, the United States and Europe. (n.d.). Web. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. USA: McGraw-Hill. This essay on The particular features of organizing the management processes in Japan was written and submitted by user Silas O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Physiotherapy Students Experience Working With Mental Health Disorders Nursing Essay Essay Example

Physiotherapy Students Experience Working With Mental Health Disorders Nursing Essay Essay Example Physiotherapy Students Experience Working With Mental Health Disorders Nursing Essay Essay Physiotherapy Students Experience Working With Mental Health Disorders Nursing Essay Essay A focal point group based probe to research the experiences of Coventry University 3rd twelvemonth physical therapy pupil s working with patients with a Mental Health Disorder after 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement. Introduction Good Mental Health ( MH ) is defined as a individual s ability to carry through a figure of cardinal maps and activities, such as the ability to larn, experience, express and pull off a broad scope of positive and negative emotions, signifier and keep good relationships with others and header with alteration and uncertainness, ( Mental Health Foundation ) . Hence, it implies that if a individual can non execute these cardinal cognitive maps they are said to hold a mental unwellness or a mental wellness upset ( MHD ) . However, you could reason that if this is the definition for holding a mental unwellness or a MHD, so on some yearss could nt everybody be defined as non holding good mental wellness? And to a certain extent this is true, about everyone experiences psychiatric symptoms at some point in their lives, runing from the comparatively minor, such as a short period of choler, anxiousness or depression during times of emphasis, to the badly disabling and painful ( Hicks 2005 ) . A individual enduring from a mental unwellness frequently has a combination of symptoms such as unnatural ideas and bodily esthesiss, normally called cognitive and bodily symptoms ( Physiotherapy in Mental wellness 1995 ) . One in six British grownups will hold a MHD at some point in their lives ( National Statistics 2009 ) , and about 450 million people worldwide have a MH job ( World Health Organization 2009 ) , bespeaking that mental and neurological upsets are common and there is a high figure of people with mental wellness jobs within society. Many of us perceive mental wellness to be a batch less common than what the statistics suggest, as mental wellness is frequently non talked about and is seen as a tabu topic. It has been found that there is a stigma attached to people with MHD s where they are frequently seen as unsafe and violent although the world is, that more offense is caused by people who do non hold a MHD, over 95 % of violent offense in Britain is committed by people who are non mentally ill ( Sayce 2000 ) . This stigma has been thought to hold been created through a bad portraiture of people with MHD s within the media and deficiency of instruction on MH, which has lead to MH bein g ill understood and a feeling of uncertainness and apprehensiveness environing MH. LINK STIGMA TO STUDENTS WORKING WITH PATIENTS WITH A MHD. This stigma may be present amongst wellness attention professionals, so hence this survey was undertaken to detect the experiences and perceptual experiences of pupils within the physical therapy profession on mental wellness patients. The purpose of the survey was to look at pupils who had no or small cognition of mental wellness and minimum contact with persons with a mental wellness upset before their 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement. The survey aimed to derive a greater penetration into what the experiences the pupils had with mental wellness patients whilst on clinical arrangement and whether those experiences influenced their initial beliefs. Research Question The PICOT method was applied to assist construction and inform the research inquiry, What are the experiences of 3rd twelvemonth physical therapy pupils at Coventry University working with patients with a MHD after 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement? , ( appendix 1 ) . The purposes of this survey were to happen out what the experiences of Coventry University 3rd twelvemonth physical therapy pupils had whilst working with MH patients during there 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement ; how did those experiences influence their ideas about patients with a MHD and did those experiences change any old beliefs held about patients with a mental wellness job? Literature reappraisal There is limited literature based on pupil physical therapist s experiences and perceptual experiences of MH, hence a wide in-depth hunt was conducted across the AMED, CINHAL, Cochrane and MEDLINE databases sing the nature of this proposal ( appendix 2 ) . HOW DO THESE PIECES OF RESEARCH RELATE TO MY RESEARCH? APPLY CRITIQUE FROM EBP TO EACH ARTICLE. Altindag et Al ( 2006 ) conducted a survey to analyze whether an antistigma plan which consists of instruction, contact and sing a movie that depicts an single with schizophrenic disorder, can alter attitudes towards people with schizophrenic disorder. The survey group consisted of 25 first twelvemonth medical pupils who had no anterior instruction on mental wellness and psychopathology. They received a 2 hr talk on the causes of stigma associated with schizophrenic disorder, common myths about schizophrenic disorder and the relationship between schizophrenic disorder and force and aggression. They were besides introduced to a immature individual with schizophrenic disorder who shared his experiences of the unwellness, intervention and stigma. Last, the pupils watched a movie titled A Beautiful Mind which depicts a mathematical mastermind enduring from schizophrenic disorder. The survey besides had a control group incorporating 35 participants. Both the control and intercession grou p contained topics with similar background and instruction. They used a questionnaire to rate attitudes before and after the plan and found that attitudes changed favorably after the one twenty-four hours antistigma plan. This suggests that the plan can be used on wellness attention professionals. Brief plans are appealing because they may impact stigmatizing attitudes with small attempt and may be accessible to far more people. The one month follow up showed that the effects of the antistigma plan are likely to decrease with clip which may be due to interaction with society. Therefore antistogma plans should be carried out in schools on a regular basis. The restrictions of this survey are the sample size holding a little intercession and control group limits the ability to generalise the consequences to the general population. The intercession group contained disparate elements and is hard to cognize which 1s are the active ingredients. Mino et Al ( 2001 ) looked at a new one hr educational plan used to alter attitudes towards MHD. It was conducted on 95 first twelvemonth medical pupils and so eight old ages subsequently a control group was carried out on 94 pupils. The survey found that attitudes changed favorably because of the one hr plan. Pinar ( 2006 ) aimed to find the attitudes of medical pupils towards mentally handicapped people and to understand the impact of schooling on attitude difference by measuring 2nd and 6th twelvemonth medical pupils. The 230 participants in the 2nd twelvemonth pupils had no old cognition of MH or psychopathology ; nevertheless the 222 participants in the 6th twelvemonth had interaction with the mentally handicapped and worked on a psychopathology displacement. The sample was made up of 452 pupils from 3 public schools, where attitudes were assessed on a likert graduated table. The restrictions of this survey are that theoretical talks environing MH were non compulsory, hence some of the pupils would hold received information of MH and others would nt, hence may impacting their attitudes. Another restriction is that the same sets of participants were non used in the 2nd and 6th twelvemonth so therefore you can non mensurate whether their existent attitudes changed through instruction. Significance to research The chief significance of this research is to place experiences which physiotherapy pupils had with patients with a MHD whilst on arrangement, and discover whether these experiences changed any initial positions held by the pupils on MH. The impact of these findings will bespeak to pupils within the wellness attention scene, the importance of experience on developing their ideas and beliefs held on MH. Physical therapy pupils are the following coevals of qualified physical therapists and will come across MHD throughout their pattern, so hence demand to be unfastened minded and challenge damaging positions. If their positions are negative so this will hold an impact on their behavior and may impact the quality of attention that they provide to their patient with a MHD. Methodology Research Design This survey is explorative, so hence will be researching an thought where there is limited theory environing it and the information collected will be qualitative. The strengths of a qualitative research method are that it provides rich, elaborate description and allows the participant to react in their ain words. It besides allows the research worker to examine and promote participants to dig farther into their experiences. The disadvantages of qualitative research are that it takes a long clip to transport out and the sample size can be little so therefore you can reason that you can non hold transferability. Study Population The survey population consisted of one male and 5 female, 3rd twelvemonth physical therapy pupils at Coventry University. This is representative of the male to female ratio on physical therapy classs, which although varies greatly from twelvemonth to twelvemonth and across the state, it can be every bit high as 80 per centum female ( The Independent News 2009 ) . A purposive sampling technique was used to garner the participants, so that the focal point group contained a set of homogeneous persons, harmonizing to the undertaking ends and the research worker s intent ( Sim and Wright 2000 ) . The method known as sweet sand verbena sampling was used as the participants needed for this focal point group were hard to place, so hence the research worker contacted persons which matched the inclusion standards and so asked them to urge farther possible participants that fit the inclusion standards and could take portion in the focal point group. These topics were so contacted via electroni c mail ; this non-direct attack ensured no force per unit area was applied to participants ( Bruseberg and McDonagh 2003:29-30 ) . Six participants were recruited for this focal point group ; this is an effectual figure as it is non so little that it would put a load on each participant to transport the conversation, nevertheless, non excessively large as to supply less chance for each participant to state everything they would wish to state about the subject ( Morgan 1998 ) . Inclusion Standards Participants must be physiotherapy pupils who had no or small cognition of mental wellness and minimum contact with persons with a mental wellness upset before their 15 hebdomads clinical arrangement, Participants must hold had contact on their clinical arrangements with patients with a MHD i.e. Depression, dementedness, chronic weariness, schizophrenic disorder, anxiousness, or an eating upset, Participants must talk English fluently, Participants must non object to being audio-taped. Exclusion Standards Not a physical therapy pupil, No contact with MHD s whilst on arrangement, The participant objects to being audio taped, The participant can non talk English. Method of informations aggregation A one-off focal point group was used as the informations aggregation method, where the research worker acted as the facilitator, steering the group treatment on preset subjects ( Morgan 1998 ) . The advantages of utilizing a focal point group are that the group interaction may excite the look of attitudes ; it provides information on the kineticss of attitudes and sentiments and can supply a supportive forum for the look of positions by participants, who may experience empowered by the group puting ( Sim and Wright 2000 ) . It can besides let the research worker to examine farther into the treatment and pick up non-verbal cues such as facial looks. Prior to the focal point group, the subject of the survey was sent to the participants via electronic mail, so that they could believe around the subject in progress. Participants were given a participant information sheet, a consent signifier and a signifier to roll up their demographic inside informations before the focal point group com menced. An account of the procedure that was about to happen was delivered by the research worker ( appendix 3 ) . A transcript of the three inquiries which were covered within the focal point group ( appendix 4 ) , was distributed to each person at the beginning, to let the participants to jot down their initial positions on the subjects before the treatment took topographic point, this enabled quieter members of the group to garner their ideas and construct assurance and ensured a changeless flow of treatment throughout the focal point group. The inquiries were unfastened to avoid closed, yes or no replies and avoided any ambiguity, prima inquiries or portraiture of the research worker s ideas or experiences. The focal point group lasted one hr and was conducted in a quiet seminar room in the wellness and life scientific disciplines section, at Coventry University. This familiar environment enabled the pupils to experience relaxed and at easiness when taking portion in the treatment. The group session was audio-taped via two tape recording equipments and transcribed. The research squad consisted of two physical therapy pupils, one acted as the facilitator and one acted as the independent moderator. The facilitator invariably summarised what the participants had said after the treatment leting them to set or corroborate their response or significance. This acted as a signifier of member checking, where the information obtained is accurate and undertakings its true significance. Throughout, the facilitator and the independent moderator undertook field notes where key footings, subjects and feelings were documented, which aided the written text of informations. The research squad were both pupils from within the same societal group of the survey participants ; this acquaintance ensured that the focal point group participants could speak openly and freely without limitations, leting an insightful and meaningful treatment to take topographic point between the pupils. A brooding journal was undertaken by the research worker throughout the focal point group and analysis procedure in order to capture any preconceived thoughts and premises upon the subject of treatment, this witting scrutiny and elucidation of ideas is known as bracketing . This enabled the research worker to be open-minded and adaptable when bring forthing classs and subjects emerging from the transcript ( Todres 2005 ) . Ethical Considerations This survey was deemed to be low hazard, so hence a low hazard ethical blessing signifier was completed by the research worker and supervisor. A certification signed by the pupil research worker, the supervisor and countersigned by an ethics commission member, signified that blessing for the survey had been obtained ( appendix 4 ) . A participant information sheet ( appendix 5 ) was given to each participant and written consent ( appendix 5 ) was gained from each participant before the focal point group took topographic point. Participants were cognizant that they had the right to retreat at any point within the survey and that they would non be capable to any physical or psychological injury by taking portion. Confidentiality was ensured as the information was merely available to the research worker and the supervisor. Anonymity was continued throughout the survey by the participant s names being coded in the transcripts. Pilot Test A pilot trial was conducted before the definite focal point group, on one Coventry physical therapy pupil suiting the inclusion standards, to enable any possible jobs to be determined early on. This allowed the research worker to reflect upon the strengths and failings and better any defects within the public presentation when transporting out the existent focal point group ; it besides improved the reflexiveness of the survey and hence trustiness. Datas Analysis The qualitative information was audio-taped, canned via manus and so typed up utilizing word processing package. This allowed the research worker to travel text effortlessly from one subdivision to another ( Miles 1994 ) ; the information was so analysed utilizing content analysis. The analysis continuum, which proposes three stairss depending on what degree of reading of the information is needed, helped the research worker to make this. The transcript based analysis is the most strict type of analysis, so hence this was applied. The first measure is the accretion and presentation of informations the transcript. The 2nd measure is the description of informations, which is the sum-up of remarks incorporating quotation marks and subjects based on observation, field notes and natural informations ( consequences ) . The 3rd measure is the reading what the findings mean and supply apprehension, ( treatment ) . ( Kruger 1994 ) . The method bracketing was used, where any anterior outlook s and beliefs held by the research worker on the undertaking subject were written down before the focal point group was carried out so that the information was non misinterpreted , ( Kruger 1998 ) . Consequences The information from the focal point group identified a figure of classs, which so developed into six wide subjects. The consequences of the focal point group are qualitative in nature, so hence the result will be presented as a sum-up of the treatment associating to each subject. The sum-up will sketch the cardinal points emerging from the informations and citations from the participants to exemplify the profusion of the informations produced. The theme headers reflect the countries of treatment which took topographic point within the focal point group and are presented in a logical mode. The subjects were wide as to embrace a broad assortment of classs ; this meant at times that the classs could travel into more than one subject, therefore the six subjects overlap ; this can be illustrated within figure 2. Student Emotions: Oh my beloved life The pupils expressed a assortment of emotions, both positive and negative in respects to their experiences whilst on arrangement with MH patients. The positive feelings included: Challenging ; like ; exciting ; interesting ; fascinating and comfy. One participant described a feeling of satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment when assisting patients with a MH job, when you achieve something with them it feels good and others agreed that their memories environing these patients were positive, Some of them do your twenty-four hours. Participants articulated that these patients were frequently ambitious, some believed this was gratifying, I prefer challenges with patients, instead than the consecutive forward 1s , nevertheless, others felt that certain state of affairss with the MH patients were excessively ambitious and hard to get by with. One participant described a complex experience which they had with an anorectic patient and the troubles they had in their determination doing sing intervention: I had a patient who was 23 and had anorexia she had been on ITU. We wanted to acquire her on a motorcycle to acquire her legs traveling, because she had contracted musculuss within her legs The thing was do you acquire her on a motorcycle, as she had anorexia and may free weight and she was nt eating so it was like what do you make? It was rather hard as she was immature and down. The feelings of involvement, exhilaration and curiousness were shared among the group and were expressed when speaking about patients with MH upsets and their unpredictable nature. They agreed that they welcomed the thought of alteration and non-familiarity, as a challenge which they enjoyed: It was rather exciting inquiring what they ll be like. It s rather challenging, as you may hold two patients with dementedness or bipolar but they will neer show in the same manner, so its quite interesting to see the differences in them. It s interesting as you do nt cognize what you re traveling to acquire or who you re traveling to acquire. The negative emotions reported were: terrified ; scared ; intimidated ; nervous and incapacitated. There was besides a general consensus attained from the pupils that they did non experience prepared to cover with MH issues whilst on arrangement and some did non believe that they would hold any input with patients with MH jobs: I might hold been a spot nescient but I did nt believe we would hold much input with patients with mental wellness issues . Many within the group believed this feeling of being unprepared was due to the deficiency of learning which they received on MH. One pupil stated that by non experiencing prepared and holding experience in MH that they felt frightened and nervous: I had a cat come up to me in a wheelchair with his weaponries and legs flailing and he sort of went BLAHHH . I stood there and went oh my beloved life . I ve neer had an experience with people non being able to pass on and I was nervous about dissing them through my deficiency of ability to understand them I learnt subsequently on that fundamentally he was merely seeking to state welcome and being by and large lovely, but it is chilling . This indicates that although there was an initial frightened reaction, this was due the pupil s rawness in how to manage certain state of affairss: I think if you do nt hold preparation, so it is rather daunting as you do nt cognize how to get by with these patients . One participant recalled on an incident, where they witnessed a patient who was being badly riotous on the ward towards patients and staff which made the pupil feel terrified: I steered clear of her, as I was intimidated by her she was a frenzied depressive who was verbally and physically aggressive she pinched everyone s material and shouted out the Windowss I was rather lucky I did nt hold to see her . The concluding emotion to be explored is helplessness . This was conveyed by one participant who was covering with a really vulnerable and complex patient: I had a patient who was 15 and was abused in an belowground tract she was really down and one twenty-four hours she could nt experience her legs and could nt walk she was hallucinating she would state that her organic structure was firing and she would drop down to the floor as if seeking to set out the fire she got referred because of the failing in her legs, but at that place was nt anything physically incorrect with her legs she had this horrid experience happen to her and you merely wanted to take it all off and do it better for her . This sense of weakness emerged through the intimidating nature of the instance and the frustrating facet of non being able to handle the patient, as there was nt anything physically incorrect. Patient Features: Not Normal The pupils described the behavior of the patients with MH jobs as: aggressive ; unpredictable ; non-responsive ; paranoiac and delusional ; demanding and complex. The pupils expressed earlier in their emotions about the patients unpredictable behavior, One minute they would be all right and so they would wholly alter, and how they accepted this and enjoyed the challenge it brought. A few of the participants spoke about incidences where their patient had been aggressive. One pupil described a patient which they were handling: One patient was truly aggressive, who was ever throwing his custodies up at you and being verbally opprobrious. Another recalled on an incident where she saw a patient being verbally and physically aggressive to the nursing staff: She was a frenzied depressive a large Jamaican adult females, who put up with no dirt whatsoever. She was verbally and physically aggressive. Another characteristic which many of the pupils picked up on was this paranoiac and delusional behavior, where the patient was leery of others and would non set their trust within the wellness attention squad: She would be shouting, stating the nurses want to kill me, everyone s out to acquire me. She started describing all the maltreatment she was inexorable that all the nurses were seeking to kill her. Although, one pupil articulated that they believed these patients were less guarded with physical therapists, I found from personal experience that patients with mental wellness jobs respond better to physios than nurses. Schemes adopted by pupils when covering with patients with MH jobs: I found myself making some truly eldritch things Students established that whilst on arrangement, that they should follow a figure of techniques in order to pull off their patients with MH upsets efficaciously. Many of these are interchangeable and could be used non merely with MH patients but with any patient, for illustration: short term ends ; readying ; adaptability / Changing attack / communicating ; doing them relaxed ; motive ; constructing up a resonance ; handle the jobs the patient nowadayss with non the status and give patient authorization and independency. These are all great accomplishments and properties to hold as a pupil and will hopefully guarantee success as a qualified physical therapist. Two schemes which were viewed as non normal and professional behavior, have been adopted by the pupils whilst on arrangement and used with patients with MH issues, these were: Laughing, vocalizing, dance, and turning away. The pupils expressed a figure of behaviors, which they believed should be used in order to derive the assurance and trust of these patients and acquire the best response from them: She had terrible dementedness she would sing to me and I would sing to her, we were both singing on the ward at one point, that was how you would seek and acquire her out of bed. I found myself making some truly eldritch things with dementedness patients singing to them, dancing Puting ill bowls on caputs. In a everyday and standard instance, these schemes would be looked upon as unnatural and unprofessional behavior ; nonetheless the pupils felt these actions were necessary when pull offing these patients to have the coveted response. Participants showed a strong and resilient attitude towards some rather awful state of affairss. One participant described how they coped when they were put within an daunting place: This patient would be truly nice one twenty-four hours and so would desire to rend your pharynx out the following, as he told me on a twosome of occasions [ laughs ] I merely said just plenty and so went back and saw him once more in the afternoon. I think each mental wellness patient is a challenge but this is our occupation, we give a service per individual no affair what irrespective of any upset they ve got. This pupil dealt with the fortunes maturely and responsibly, understanding that this is our profession and we need to supply a service to our patients, they took the baleful patient within their pace and carried on as usual. However, one pupil did non see it like this and avoided a patient, which the pupil perceived as unsafe: I really steered clear of this patient Barriers to intervention: The pupils expressed legion factors which they believed were a barrier to the intervention of the patients with a MH issue within their attention, they were: the patients personality ; consent ; patient consciousness of status ; relatives ; clip restraints ; deficiency of rehab potency. The bulk of these factors can be applicable to any patient within your attention, for case consent demands to be obtained before any intervention is carried out, nevertheless one participant described their trouble sing the consent of their MH patient: It s still rather hard though when you go in and explicate your intervention to a dementedness patient and they refuse you do nt cognize if they are declining because they do understand and do nt desire the intervention or they do nt understand and still state no It s rather hard to judge when they say no do they intend no or is that the dementedness speech production. Students believed that a patient s personality had an affect on how the physical therapist treated them. If the patient was sort and accessible, so the pupil would be more inclined to assist the patient than if the patient was violative and difficult to work with: Some people who are affected become aggressive and other become truly lovely and nice and that truly makes a difference in how people are treated. One patient who was truly aggressive who was ever throwing his custodies up at you and being verbally opprobrious, we tried to acquire him up 3 or 4 times, finally we did nt inquire him any longer. Patient consciousness of status it s hard to cover with patients who are nt cognizant of their status, As they think that their behavior is wholly normal One patient knew they had dementedness and had amusing minutes and she was merely like it merely me being off with the faeries, whereas others did nt hold a hint and were somewhat more hard to cover with Student Beliefs / Attitudes before arrangement on MH platinums: bird flew out of the fathead nest It was apparent that ab initio the pupils stereotyped patients with a mental unwellness as aggressive, I ever related mental wellness to aggressive behavior and brainsick, frequently pictured as an older individual or person with larning disablements. The pupils besides made evident that they did non understand the function of a physical therapist in the attention of a MH patient and did non believe we would hold much input in their intervention. The belief held by the pupils before clinical arrangement, that patients with a MH are aggressive and brainsick seemed to be the consensus across the group. One participant described what they believed MH was before holding experience with them on arrangement, connoting that MH patients bare the traits of a schizophrenic individual and that these patients are brainsick or loopy: Did anyone gain how widespread dementedness and depression is? I did nt gain I thought MH was more schizophrenia bird flew out of the fathead nest. When reflecting back on the pupil s earlier attitudes and beliefs before arrangement, one pupil described how they made premises about MH: You normally assume that people with MH jobs are either old or are possibly people with learning disablements she was absolutely normal, could keep a superb conversation, knew precisely what you were stating and was wholly sane, until she had these uneven minutes. This shows that in these two incidences by the pupils disbursement clip with patients with MH upsets, that their perceptual experiences changed and they came to gain that MH encompasses a broad assortment of conditions, some of which are common but are frequently non associated with MH and that MH jobs can impact anyone of any age. Student Beliefs / Attitudes after arrangement on MH platinums: Do nt undervalue the head It was clearly apparent that by the pupils traveling on arrangement and deriving experience in a assortment of countries that they gained many accomplishments, assisting them to develop professionally and personally. The pupils learnt from set abouting 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement that: MH jobs are common and that there is a assortment of MH conditions ; they would hold liked to hold been educated more on MH to fix them ; some people do nt esteem MH patients ; sometimes MH patients are seen as low position and people give up on them ; MH patients are vulnerable ; MH is every bit of import as physical wellness and a MH job does nt intend that the patient is aggressive they are nt wholly aggressive. The participants besides believed that a deficiency of experience in MH can do people misjudge MH patients, form negative sentiments and do them experience scared of the unknown: I think that people who do nt hold any experience with them can merely believe they are being crabbed sometimes or holding a amusing minute. If you had no experience within MH you would experience intimidated and would nt cognize how to get by. The pupils articulated how their deficiency of experience and cognition on MH was non encouraged through their instruction, this could hold been the ground why the pupils felt unprepared and held this stigma on what they supposed MH was: I do nt believe it was good taught at Uni. They merely focused on one or two facets one or two conditions, than the existent scope that comes under MH. It appeared that the pupil physiotherapists understood before arrangement that they needed to intervention the patients holistically, I ever knew I had to handle the patient as a whole, nevertheless, they did non understand the full extent of this and treated the head and the organic structure as separate entities. From clinical arrangement the participants learnt that you need to look at the head and organic structure as one, one pupil stated that their experiences with MH patients made them understand the importance of MH: Traveling on arrangement truly brought place that MH is every bit of import as physical wellness, people tend to undervalue the head. One pupil recalled on an incident, where they witnessed a patient whose MH position influenced their physical wellness, doing them gain that the head and organic structure are one: One twenty-four hours she decided she could nt experience her legs and could nt walk, all of a sudden she lost all power in her legs it was sort of a head over matter thing The pupils besides came to the realization that their stereotype that all patients with MH jobs are aggressive was non accurate: I ve noticed that if they ve got a MH job it does nt intend they are aggressive. I think you have to retrieve it s a little portion of a bigger image. Discussion 4-5 page Restrictions 1 page Decision Although the pupils had positive and negative experiences of mental wellness patients and that some of the initial beliefs and preconceived thoughts held on their types of behavior, had been realised and proven true, for illustration their belief that mental wellness patients are aggressive and so sing state of affairs whilst on arrangement where this has been the instance. The bulk of the pupils had a positive experience with mental wellness patients where they have learnt that all patients are different, they need to be treated every bit and as an person, you should handle the jobs they present with non their rubric or label and mental wellness is really much so every bit of import as physical wellness. Clinical undergraduate arrangement and face-to-face contact is important in leting pupils to organize their ain sentiments and beliefs on mental wellness and this should be supported and nurtured by instruction which is factual and non stereotyped, in order to bring forth pupils who are unpredjudiced and supply quality attention to their patients.

The impact of certain forms of technology on reading skills or reading Essay

The impact of certain forms of technology on reading skills or reading habits - Essay Example However, technological based reading has led to an increase in the reading of news, views, sexual content, general information, selected fields but has decreased the reading of literature. Electronic sources are now available for the students like iPods and kindle (of Amazon) that has greatly influenced the reading skills and habits of the students and in fact 34 percent of the students have access to their own iPhone. Today, majority of the schools increasingly have the access to digital media. With such kind of availability of technology, students can readily access the reading materials in a digital format. The paper discusses the impact of the reading skills and habits with the introduction of technology. Reading is one of the oldest habits with the passion of the greatest personalities of all the time. The emergence of technology has led to some extraordinary change in the reading culture and habits of the students. Imagining today’s educational system without technology can be difficult for the students and the teachers. A learning environment without interactive white boards, laptops, TVs and electronic devices would be difficult to identify as a conducive learning environment (Datta & Macdonald-Ross, 2002). Technology has made its existence in the reading behavior of the students. Although printed media still commands significant sales, reading is no longer confined to print reading as the scope of reading has evolved drastically in the recent days due to evolution of the internet to include web pages, e-papers, e-journals, websites, chat rooms, blogs, discussion boards, e-mails and other communication documents. This has made reading and access to information easier and f aster as a student can access information from the internet at their convenience (Gambrell, 2005). Reading habits can be determined by the number of minutes per day that are spent when